Psychologie Évolutionnaire
Fleeting- Référence externe :
Épisode d’Homo Fabulus.
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=0s | In 1859, in his famous work The Origin of Species, Charles Darwin wrote this little sentence: |
|---|---|
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=5.49s | “In the distant future I see roads open to |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=10.8s | even more important research. Psychology will be firmly established on a new basis, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=16.5s | that is, on the necessarily gradual acquisition of all the faculties and all the |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=22.74s | mental aptitudes, which will throw a vivid light on the origin of man and on its |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=27.75s | history. [1] |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=28.8s | Darwin was apparently very excited to apply the theory of evolution to |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=32.64s | human cognition, but you will notice that he said it could only be done “in the |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=36.72s | distant future.” And he was right to be so careful, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=39.45s | because you know what he would have said if he had come back a century later, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=42.57s | and had taken a look at the state of research on |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=45.54s | human behavior. In the 60s ? “But what the hell |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=48.69s | have you been doing |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=49.74s | for a century, you bloody bastards goddamit, I’ll make myself a cup of tea”. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=62.86s | Evolutionary psychology is one of the research programs which, a century and thirty |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=67.24s | years later, sets out to take up the challenge launched by Darwin, that is to say to use the theory of |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=72.25s | evolution to better understand the human behavior. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=74.53s | The idea behind this challenge is very simple: 1 / we know that behaviors are produced by |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=79.96s | a brain. 2 / The brain is biological matter. 3 / Biological matter is subject |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=86.11s | to the laws of evolution, and to natural selection in particular. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=89.5s | The conclusion is that we must be able to inform the study of human behavior by the |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=93.64s | theory of evolution, and by natural selection in particular. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=96.7s | It is all the more normal to want to apply the theory of evolution to behavior |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=99.76s | as the reproductive success of an organism depends enormously on its behavior. You may have |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=104.77s | the most sophisticated organs, you may have a heart, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=108.88s | lungs, stomach and eyes that are feats of engineering and allow you not |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=113.95s | to die on the spot, if you stay planted all the time. day without adopting any behavior, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=118.6s | you will not last long. Many of our organs are also |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=121.57s | dependent on the brain to function well. For example, bipedalism is as much a psychological |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=126.85s | as an anatomical adaptation : it’s very cool to have two legs and a pelvis suitable for |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=131.05s | standing walking, but if you don’t also have the software that allows you to control these limbs, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=135.16s | you won’t get very far. You can ask any roboticist who has ever tried |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=139.18s | to build a robot that works how important software is, but |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=143.8s | not at all trivial to build. And it’s the same for a number of other adaptations, both |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=148s | psychological and anatomical: it’s very cool to have a mouth, but if it does |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=152.65s | n’t come with a desire to eat, it won’t be useful. to much. It’s very |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=157s | cool to have two breasts, but if they don’t come |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=159.46s | with a desire to breastfeed your babies, those protrusions are useless. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=162.91s | So at the risk of saying trivial things, the chances of survival and reproduction of |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=167.02s | living beings are extremely dependent on the behavior they adopt. Our psychology, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=171.97s | like that of all animals, has necessarily been shaped by natural selection, and it is |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=177.04s | interesting to study where, how, why. Evolutionary psychology is |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=180.97s | just one of the approaches that sets out to do this. This is the approach that |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=185.02s | proposes to study the cognitive programs that we have in our heads, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=187.81s | these programs that allow us to stand up, to want to eat, to |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=192.28s | want to drink, to take care. of our children, but also of a |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=195.37s | number of other things that make up our whole mental life: talking, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=198.67s | perceiving, memorizing, loving, getting angry, being jealous, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=202.15s | being sad, understanding the emotions of others, making moral judgments , reason, etc., |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=207.19s | etc. The primary and historical goal of evolutionary psychology |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=210.31s | is therefore the research and study of all the cognitive programs that |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=214.45s | make up our mind. It is sometimes said that evolutionary psychology is in search |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=218.23s | of the “mental organs” that make up our mind. We generally tend to think of |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=222.04s | the brain as a single organ, but from a functional point of view this is too crude |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=226.18s | a categorization , the brain knowing how to do a lot of different things that don’t have much in |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=230.5s | common. It would be more useful for studying it to sub-divide it into its different cognitive |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=234.73s | programs , that is to say into different mental organs. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=237.58s | And like the organs of the body, these mental organs are believed to be common to the |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=241.36s | whole human species. Just as a human born in France has the same organs as |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=245.98s | a human born in Kenya, because we all belong to the same species, evolutionary psychology |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=250.45s | postulates that a human born in France will have the same cognitive programs as a human born in France. ‘a |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=254.38s | human born in Kenya, or Vietnam. It is sometimes said of the psycho evo that it studies the " |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=258.94s | mental unity of humanity" [2]. Evolutionary psychology studies what brings all |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=263.44s | humans together from a cognitive perspective. You surely know Gray’s anatomy, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=266.32s | the series. Before being a series, it was the name of an anatomy book, written in the 19th century |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=271.87s | but which still remains a reference today for medical students. The great |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=275.86s | thing about this book is that if you open it to any page, the knowledge |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=280.09s | you find there is applicable to any human on Earth, with a few exceptions |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=284.11s | . This means that if you obtained your medical degree in France, you can go |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=288.49s | to the other side of the world and you will still be able to treat people. This is because |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=292.48s | we are all part of the same species, and the human body is made up of the same |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=296.11s | organs. By analogy, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=297.22s | the idea of psycho-evo is to write Gray’s Anatomy of human cognition. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=301.09s | And the reason the theory of evolution is important in writing this book |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=304.66s | is because of the functional organization. In Gray’s anatomy, the human body is divided |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=309.49s | into functions: the heart is used to pump blood, the lungs to breathe, the stomach to digest, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=314.44s | etc. In the same way, the human mind is also divided into functions, functions which |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=319.27s | have proved useful during evolution. It is |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=321.79s | all the more important to have the theory of evolution to help us find the organs |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=325.06s | of the mind if in the body the organs are easily identifiable because they are delimited |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=329.69s | in space, in the mind. it is not that simple. The organs of the mind are |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=333.26s | immaterial programs, which certainly run on the |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=336.26s | material support that are neurons, but these neurons all look more or less |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=339.83s | anatomically speaking. To help us identify these programs |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=342.95s | and study how they work, we therefore need the theory of evolution. Let’s play |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=347.12s | a little game: explain this tool to me. Explain to me how |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=350.99s | each of its parts work, how they |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=353.69s | interact with each other, and what the |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=355.97s | general function of the craft is. A measuring instrument? An instrument of torture? Not easy |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=362.21s | eh? What if now I tell you it’s an olive pitter? Doesn’t that make it easier for you |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=367.13s | to discover how the object works? Now you should be able |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=371.12s | to tell me what each part of this object is for: this part to hold the olive, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=375.74s | this one to squeeze the olive, this one to make the |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=378.98s | pit fall out. right without putting it everywhere. The important idea behind this example is |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=383.09s | that when you know the function of an object, the explanation of its organization and |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=387.26s | operation is greatly facilitated [3]. The hope of evolutionary psychology is |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=391.16s | that we can do the same with the brain, that the theory of evolution can illuminate the |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=395.12s | functioning of the brain and facilitate its understanding, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=396.74s | and that it can help us understand new stuff from this at first glance |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=400.79s | incredibly complex object, an object the comprehension of which is considered by some to be |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=405.05s | the biggest challenge for science in the 21st century. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=414.16s | If evolutionary psychology took more than a century to emerge after Darwin, it is |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=418.57s | not only because of the unwillingness of 20th century scholars. It is also because |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=422.71s | it was only in the second half of the 20th century that two major |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=426.01s | scientific advances took place . The first is the gene-centric view of evolution, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=429.7s | and the second is the view of the brain as an |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=432.1s | information processing system. The vision of evolution centered on the gene |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=435.88s | is the vision described by Richard Dawkins in his book The Selfish Gene [4], which |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=440.29s | I will have to present to you one day, but in the meantime I highly recommend |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=443.56s | its reading if it is not already done, I put a link in description. In this book, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=448.06s | Dawkins popularizes the work of some of the greatest |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=450.49s | evolutionary biologists of the 20th century, and in particular William |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=454s | Hamilton, John Maynard Smith, Robert Trivers and George Williams. Without going into details, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=458.92s | these researchers have greatly clarified the theory of evolution, clarified its scope and shown that |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=464.23s | postulating that natural selection acts at the level of genes and not of individuals or groups |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=468.46s | allows us to understand a lot of things about living things. . If you were fascinated by what |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=473.02s | is told in The Selfish Gene, know that you are not the only one: this work had a |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=476.89s | considerable impact on the biologists of the 60s and 70s, who set out to apply these |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=481.87s | new ideas. with great success, a success that continues today. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=485.62s | The second scientific revolution that takes place at around the same time, if not a little |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=489.25s | earlier in the 1950s and 1960s, is the cognitive revolution. It was the |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=493.6s | beginning of what would later become the cognitive sciences, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=495.7s | a set of rather disparate disciplines which all have in |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=499.09s | common the view of the brain as an information processing system. Without going into |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=503.11s | too much detail again, before this cognitive revolution we didn’t really study how |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=507.22s | the brain worked, we saw it as a black box, we didn’t really know |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=511.39s | what was going on there and some even thought that it wasn’t. was not very important what was |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=514.75s | going on there . We said, it’s just learning, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=516.91s | the association stimulus-response. This vision has today been replaced by the vision which |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=521.23s | sees the brain as an information processing system, and if this vision is very |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=525.28s | natural to us today, it is because we are constantly surrounded by machines that do |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=529.48s | calculations. But imagine having to study the brain without having any idea what a |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=533.95s | computer is. Imagine being in the 1930s-40s and having to study our mental activity without |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=539.62s | knowing that machines can do very sophisticated calculations from very simple rules. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=544.17s | No wonder what was going on in our head was considered mysterious. It was |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=547.53s | therefore only later, in the 1950s and 1960s, with the progress of theoretical computer science and |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=551.55s | the help of some experimental results [5, 6] that the cognitive sciences and their paradigm of information |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=555.42s | processing it’s imposed. So we have two scientific revolutions in |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=559.59s | the second half of the 20th century: the cognitive vision of the brain, and the vision of evolution |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=563.97s | centered on the gene. And there, at the crossroads of these two revolutions, who do you |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=568.32s | think we find? Paf, evolutionary psychology. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=571.95s | In the 1970s and 1980s, researchers began to wonder what it would be like if we |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=576.45s | put these two revolutions together. They wonder if this would not be the opportunity to finally |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=580.53s | merge all research programs on humans, to no longer be content to study |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=584.34s | humans in humanities faculties on the one hand, in faculties of psychology on the other, and |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=588.45s | in biology faculties of another, without there ever being any communication between |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=592.29s | these fields. Evolutionary psychology proposes to put all these disciplines together, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=596.19s | and to see how their different points of view can complement each other to help us |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=600.6s | better understand the human. This is something that I tried to highlight in |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=604.26s | my series on morals, which I recommend you watch if you haven’t already, because |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=608.64s | I will be relying on it often. We saw in this series that the work of philosophers |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=612.06s | complement the work of primatologists, that those of anthropologists complete those of |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=616.23s | biologists, that those of biologists complete those of philosophers. Anyway, all |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=620.43s | disciplines complement each other and after decades of dispersing the study of humans |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=624.87s | into different disciplines, evolutionary psychology thinks |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=627.9s | it might be good to begin to decompartmentalize all of this. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=631.47s | As John Tooby and Leda Cosmides, two of the founders of evolutionary |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=635.16s | psychology, [7] put it: “The goal of evolutionary |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=637.74s | psychology is to eradicate disciplinary boundaries, and to unify |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=641.55s | evolutionary, genetic, neural, cognitive, psychological |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=644.58s | sciences , behavioral and social, because the idea that they are |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=648.33s | different disciplines is a sociological vestige of the time |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=651.99s | when they were founded. Reality has no such boundaries. " |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=655.74s | And indeed, reality has no boundaries. The human being is a single object, a single subject |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=661.38s | of study which must not, which must no longer be divided between |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=664.5s | nature and culture, between innate and acquired, between genes and environment, between sociology and |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=670.2s | biology. This is one of the first very important aspects of psycho-evo: its |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=674.38s | integrative aspect, that is to say its desire to help unify |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=677.74s | all the disciplines that study humans. Second important point, evolutionary |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=681.46s | psychology is interested in human cognition as a whole. If you had studied |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=685.63s | psychology in the 70s / 80s, you would have mostly spoken to you about memory, perception, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=690.31s | intelligence and personality [8]. Love? Almost unknown |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=694.33s | to the battalion. Cooperation, morality, conscience, empathy? All that was not very |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=699.37s | studied. Sexual attraction, jealousy, food? The |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=703.39s | status, dominance, friendship, disgust? Same, poor relatives of |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=707.2s | psychology. All of those things that are central to our day-to-day psychology |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=711.07s | , love, morals, sex, friendship, food, were not well studied. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=715.42s | Evolutionary psychology decides to seize these |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=717.61s | and says that if they are so important in our mental life, it’s for good |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=721.66s | reason. This is because they have to do with important survival and reproductive |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=725.02s | issues that our ancestors faced |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=727.87s | for hundreds of thousands of years. Evolutionary psychology brings out of |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=731.53s | the shadows certain subjects which had been neglected until then in favor of other |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=735.25s | supposedly more noble mental activities such as intelligence or memory. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=737.8s | Finally, and lastly, evolutionary psychology opposes the tendency to believe |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=742.21s | that a phenomenon has been explained simply because it has been described. To describe is not to explain. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=747.07s | When you say, for example, that humans tend to ignore information |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=751.27s | that goes against their beliefs because they have a confirmation bias, you feel like |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=756.19s | you have explained a stuff, but you haven’t explained much. You |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=760.12s | just redesigned, you just pasted the “confirmation bias” label on a |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=764.53s | behavior. What we would really like to know is why humans have this bias, and why |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=769.45s | there are so many others. The psycho évo proposes to go beyond traditional explanations, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=773.44s | to deepen them, without replacing them. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=776.02s | Imagine that someone tries to explain to you what a car is, and that to do that all |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=779.92s | he does is tell you about the existence of the different |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=783.01s | parts: the presence of four wheels, a steering wheel, seats, one place is |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=787.54s | an engine, another a clutch, and another a gearbox. But imagine that at |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=792.13s | no time does this person explain to you what these different elements are used for, why |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=796.27s | they are organized in a certain way, and how they all together serve |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=800.14s | the function of the car, which is to move. It |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=802.66s | would be an aberration. Yet this is something that was practiced a lot in psychology |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=806.47s | in the second half of the 20th century, and that I still often come across today. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=809.86s | Evolutionary psychology not only tries to deepen explanations, but it |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=814.45s | also opposes far-fetched explanations. The explanations, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=817.33s | she tells us, must be compatible with the theory of modern evolution. This is |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=821.98s | an important point again, because at one time if you wanted to postulate that |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=825.67s | human psychology was meant to work for the good of the species, or even more wacky |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=830.65s | stuff like maximizing harmony between living things and their environment, you |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=835.21s | had the right in quotes, since no one had a better theory anyway. The |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=839.29s | psycho evolved reminded us that a very good theory was now available to |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=842.74s | psychologists, a theory which says that the brain is an organ like any other evolved by natural selection |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=847.39s | , and that the replication of the gene - and not that of the species for example - is |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=851.41s | at the heart of this process. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=857.4s | (I take this opportunity to say that the |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=859.4s | next videos risk being loaded in ultimately ambiguous language, that is to say in |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=864.05s | language which could suggest that natural |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=866.33s | selection has intentions, or that organs have evolved in a predefined goal Obviously |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=871.28s | this is not the case, my explanations are still based on blind natural selection and without |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=875.42s | final causes, but that does not prevent the |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=877.34s | use of ultimately ambiguous terms (in any case that does not prevent me not me): I highly recommend |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=882.44s | to those who have not already done so to watch this video). |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=887.84s | This is what evolutionary psychology is in a nutshell. This is the research program |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=891.71s | that proposes to map the organs of the human mind, to write Gray’s anatomy |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=895.7s | of the mind, to identify the universal cognitive programs evolved by natural selection, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=900.77s | to study all of human cognition. and not just its noblest fields, to do |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=905.42s | all of this based on two of the greatest scientific |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=907.85s | revolutions of the twentieth century, and to remove the disciplinary boundaries |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=911.45s | within which generations of academics have locked themselves. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=914.12s | Isn’t that a great research program? Who could have |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=918.26s | fault with that, you must be wondering? Haa my dear subscribers, I recognize there your |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=922.43s | legendary naivety. Evolutionary psychology is probably |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=926.03s | one of the most controversial scientific disciplines, even more so than |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=929.6s | geology. In fact, I’m even willing to bet that if you’ve heard of it before me, you |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=933.89s | ’ve heard of it badly. So I’ll devote a big chunk of this upcoming video series |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=938.6s | to answering the critics, but I want to start by presenting the psycho evo to you in |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=942.5s | a non-defensive, positive way, because it’s too good a research program and too much. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=947.6s | important to be presented only through the prism of those who criticize it. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=950.78s | Series of videos, because yes I have planned a good series to explain all this in detail, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=955.31s | for the moment I am considering ten videos, some of which should briskly exceed |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=960.08s | half an hour. But before you start, a few words of vocabulary. You will more |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=963.68s | often come across evolutionary psychology under the name of evolutionary or evopsy psychology. These |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=968.57s | are two terms that I don’t really like, the first because of the suffix “iste” which has a |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=972.68s | militant and pejorative connotation, and the second because |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=976.4s | if evopsy is supposed to be the abbreviation of the English “evolutionary psychology”, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=980.75s | I’ve hardly ever heard this diminutive be used |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=983.66s | in English, and then it sounds too marketing, it feels like a word created to make |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=987.98s | something that isn’t sexy enough. But the psycho evo is not there to be sexy, it |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=992.12s | is there to study the human, and that is why personally I never use the term |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=995.9s | evopsy. I will only use the term “Evolutionary Psychology” or its abbreviation “Psycho |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1000.82s | évo”, but don’t worry I won’t blame you if you use the other words, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1004.54s | the important thing is that we understand each other. The second point of vocabulary is that one |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1007.87s | can distinguish between evolutionary psychology in the strict sense and evolutionary |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1011.92s | psychology in the broad sense. The psycho evo in the strict sense is the one that I started to |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1016.27s | present to you , which was born in the 80s, and which puts the theory of evolution at the heart of |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1022.15s | its research program, in particular to generate hypotheses of job. Evolutionary |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1026.02s | psychology at large also recognizes the importance of evolution in explaining |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1030.1s | behavior but without actually using it on a day-to-day basis. I would say that the majority |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1034.21s | of cognitive scientists and neuroscientists |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1035.98s | today are evolutionary psychologists in the broad sense. It is not rare, for example, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1040.27s | when they present their work to see them start |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1042.94s | or end with an evolutionary slide, for example in this conf by Stanislas Dehaene, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1062.38s | or in this linguistics conf that I was watching the other day. On the other hand, these researchers |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1068.77s | will not directly use the theory of evolution to generate predictions. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1072.67s | Myself, with a bachelor’s degree in generalist biology and |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1075.4s | a master’s degree in neuroscience, I’m more of an evolutionary |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1077.83s | psychologist in the broad sense at the base, but I don’t mind taking the defense |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1081.64s | of evolutionary psychology in the strict sense to show you that even this one, sometimes |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1086.62s | presented as too extreme, is still very relevant. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1089.71s | Finally, there are other disciplines which make the link between human behavior and evolution, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1094.48s | such as behavioral genetics, population genetics, behavioral ecology |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1098.95s | or sociobiology. These disciplines are often confused with evolutionary psychology, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1103.51s | but there are some important differences that I will explain to you along the way. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1107.23s | Here is the menu that I propose to you to study all this. First, I will |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1111.37s | introduce you to the basic concepts of evolutionary psychology, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1114.01s | its important ideas, and its general paradigm. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1116.68s | Then we will focus on a particular and central concept in |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1120.88s | evolutionary biology, which is the concept of adaptation. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1123.46s | Roughly speaking, it’s the question of how biologists go about identifying |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1128.17s | living matter that has been shaped by natural selection. We will then do a small |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1132.94s | case study by taking as an example a particular psychological adaptation, I have |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1137.02s | not yet decided which one, but probably the meaning of disgust. We will look at what kinds |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1141.67s | of data are used by evolutionary psychologists when they argue that disgust |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1144.97s | has evolved for a specific reason. At this point it will be time to make a little |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1149.08s | FAQ that will address most of the questions you might ask yourself on the subject, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1152.89s | and the received ideas that sometimes circulate. From there we will take |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1155.95s | a step back to discuss more meta subjects. We will talk about the ethical problems |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1160.06s | posed by psycho-evo and evolutionary studies of human behavior in general, we will |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1164.2s | ask for example whether this research is dangerous and if so, should we refrain from |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1168.88s | doing research on it. We will then move on to the |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1171.28s | critical part : we will study some of the academic critiques that have |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1174.55s | been made at the psycho evo, and I will tell you which ones |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1177.67s | are relevant, and which are missing the point. Conversely, biology and cognitive |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1181.6s | sciences have not shied away from criticizing |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1184.24s | traditional social sciences, and I will present these criticisms to you in |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1187.15s | a dedicated video. Finally, we will do a little recap of the |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1190.39s | whole series and I will give advice to those who want to study evolutionary psychology |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1194.47s | in France. I hope you enjoy this menu as much |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1197.17s | as I do. I warn you that it will still be very dense, I will have to tackle a lot of |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1202.1s | different concepts, because of the very interdisciplinary nature of the subject and because |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1206.3s | evolutionary biology and cognitive sciences are |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1208.28s | relatively few disciplines. popularized. But the result |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1211.1s | should be worth it, and then some of you have told me that you like |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1214.55s | taking it all in your head, so I comply. Last thing, this series of videos will be reread |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1219.35s | by a group of around thirty philosophers, biologists, psychologists, sociologists and various |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1223.58s | experts in human behavior, a group that I have set up especially for the occasion. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1228.02s | Not all of these researchers will reread every script every time, but a few always take |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1231.98s | the time to do so, so that the quality of this series doesn’t depend on |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1236s | my limited skills alone. I was telling you at the start of the video that it took |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1239.63s | a century after Darwin’s death to start applying the theory of |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1243.14s | evolution to human behavior. For science, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1245.9s | this is damaging, but let’s see the bright side: it means that there |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1250.13s | are still plenty of discoveries to be made, plenty of things to understand, and that these discoveries |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1254.63s | will be made in real time. before us throughout the twenty-first century. We will have a front |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1259.37s | row seat to revel in it all, and even better, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1261.77s | some of these discoveries will be made by you, those of you who decide |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1265.97s | to devote your time to research on human behavior. It is incredible luck. Imagine, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1271.16s | we could all have been born in the 24th century, when the theory of evolution has already been |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1275.21s | applied to all known life forms and the |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1278.06s | greatest discoveries have already been made. Worse, one could have been born before the 19th century, and |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1282.83s | never heard of Darwin’s idea, “the best idea anyone ever had |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1287.09s | " as it has been described [9]. But no, not only are we lucky to have been born after the 19th |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1291.59s | century, but also just after the theory of evolution began to be applied to |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1296.48s | the human brain. So let’s rejoice, and I hope this series is useful |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1299.96s | in helping you appreciate the scope |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1301.31s | of the discoveries that will be made before your eyes throughout the twenty-first century. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1307.51s | Thank you to Nomis, Gauthier P., John Doe, GRA, Cyrille Berne and to the 285 tipeurs who support me |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1314.32s | , I wanted to say particularly thank you this time because it will be more than |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1318.64s | three months since I published any videos, and yet all I did was work for the channel |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1322.9s | during that time, reading or re-reading everything I could on the subject, |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1326.38s | not only the classics of psycho evo but also its |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1328.9s | reviews. A lot of videographers would not have allowed themselves |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1331.6s | such an absence on Youtube and would have put the pressure on themselves to publish something, but I am |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1335.59s | lucky to know, because many of you have told me, that most of you you do |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1339.58s | n’t really care about the amount of videos I |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1341.89s | produce; it’s all to your credit, but it deserves a thanks. |
| https://youtu.be/-ZymntQT-zI&t=1344.83s | The next videos will follow each other much faster. |